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Frontiers · Human Neuroscience

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01
The general and specific in anxiety: an ERP study of social and spatial anxiety
Anxiety, characterized by pervasive feelings of nervousness and worry, may differentially impact cognitive problem-solving across various domains, including spatial and social contexts. This study investigates the relationship between distinct types of anxiety and cognitive performance, aiming to elucidate the underlying neural mechanisms involved. Sixty participants (54 females, Mage = 22.46, SD = 4.50; 6 males, Mage = 20.83, SD = 2.31) were divided into three groups: Control (N = 20), Social AEvgeniia Alenina
02
TEVSER: a theory of evolving self-representations
This paper proposes TEVSER (Theory of Evolving Self-Representations), a framework describing how increasingly complex forms of regulation give rise to psyche, consciousness, and intelligence. The central idea is that a living system is a self-regulating system that maintains homeostasis. Within this perspective, regulation can be described as a hierarchy of self-representations (Ω), emerging as control structures that guide behavior. Within this hierarchy, distinct functional levels correspond tIgor Pivovarov
03
Mapping neural activity during naturalistic visual and memory search
In everyday life, individuals often search for one of several items stored in memory. This cognitive process, known as hybrid search, is critical for tasks like navigating using landmarks. While the behavioral aspects of hybrid search have been extensively studied, the underlying neural mechanisms remain less understood. In this study, we combined concurrent magnetoencephalography (MEG) and eye movement recordings to investigate the oscillatory and evoked neural dynamics supporting hybrid searchJoaquin E. Gonzalez
04
Predictive coding is not a theory of anticipation
Romain Brette
05
Effects of motor activity versus cognitive demand on asymmetries in EEG frequency bands and their relation to handedness
IntroductionElectroencephalography (EEG) is commonly used in neuroscience to study cognitive and emotional processes, often showing functional lateralization. Alpha asymmetries are frequently interpreted as a reverse marker of functional asymmetries in cognitive activation. However, the role of motor activity versus cognitive demands in driving EEG asymmetries remains unclear.MethodsTo explore this, we analyzed resting-state and task-based EEG asymmetry from 610 healthy adults (ages 20–70) from Annakarina Mundorf
06
Self-initiated feedback enhances reward positivity during motor learning in a standing weight-shifting task
Background/ObjectivesIn motor learning, post-trial feedback provides critical information for interpreting action outcomes and adjusting subsequent motor output. One factor that may influence how feedback is processed is agency.MethodsThirty-two healthy young adults performed a standing weight-shifting task in which they reached targets without an online center of pressure (COP) display. Feedback was displayed using colors and arrows. We compared self-initiated feedback (sFB), which participantsAyumi Mochida
07
Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) above individual peak alpha frequency (PAF) does not shift PAF or experimental pain sensitivity: an exploratory study
IntroductionPeak alpha frequency (PAF) is negatively associated with experimental pain sensitivity. Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) enables shifting neural frequency to modulate sensory perception, yet it has not been tested in pain perception. We hypothesized that tACS application at 1 Hz above the individual PAF (iPAF) would increase PAF and reduce experimental pain ratings.MethodsThis is a double-blind, sham-controlled, crossover, exploratory study with 15 healthy participIrit Weissman-Fogel
08
Alterations in brain structure–function coupling associated with musical training
ObjectiveMusical activity requires the coordinated integration of auditory, motor, and cognitive systems, making it an effective framework for studying brain plasticity. Previous studies have explored music training-related alterations in brain structure and function. However, the relationship between structure and function remains insufficiently understood. In this study, we applied a novel morphometric measure, morphometric inverse divergence, to assess the structural decoupling index (SDI) anWenjie Li
09
Overcoming barriers in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome research: the CureME participatory model
Research into Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) presents unique challenges. These stem from the logistical difficulties created by the degree of disability experienced and heterogeneous diagnostic criteria driven by etiological uncertainty. This is compounded by distrust of research institutions within the ME/CFS community, due to historical mischaracterization of ME/CFS as a psychosomatic disease. This commentary proposes a framework to address the resulting methodologElla Abken
10
Neurorights: comparing some perspectives on legal reform in global south to analyze the Brazilian case
This paper examines the emergence of neurorights as a legal response to the normative risks associated with the development of neurotechnologies. After defining the concept and its core elements, we adopt a selective comparative perspectives on global south regulatory pathways. It analyzes the Chilean constitutional reform as a pioneering but contested experience, contrasts it with the Brazilian scenario of still-fragmented legislative initiatives, and incorporates the Mexican debate on a generaAlex Moreira
11
Developmental stability of task-rest neural efficiency in youth using a threat and cognitive control task
Behaviors arise from coordinated neural activity across diverse spatial and temporal scales. Prior work has linked better task performance and cognitive functioning to patterns of global network connectivity requiring minimal reconfiguration when switching between task demands. This metric indexing similarity in functional connectivity across task and rest has been termed “neural efficiency.” Here we assess stability of neural efficiency over approximately 3 years in adolescence, specificity acrParmis Khosravi
12
Naturalistic stimuli in neuroimaging studies of autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review
Naturalistic stimuli, such as movies and socially rich videos, are increasingly used in neuroimaging to study brain function under conditions that approximate real-world experience. This approach may be particularly informative for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), where social and emotional differences often emerge in complex, dynamic environments that simplified paradigms may not adequately capture. Here, we provide a systematic review of neuroimaging studies that have employed naturalistic stimIoannis Ntoumanis
13
Effects of BCI-based lower limb robots on lower limb function and cognition in stroke patients: a preliminary systematic review
BackgroundBCI-based lower limb robots (BCI-LLR) represent a novel technology used in neurological rehabilitation for stroke patients. However, the effectiveness of BCI-LLR compared to traditional rehabilitation in improving lower extremity function and cognition remains a topic of debate. This study aimed to determine whether BCI-based lower limb robots are more effective than traditional rehabilitation for lower limb dysfunction after stroke.MethodsA comprehensive search was conducted across muMengqi Shao
14
A transdisciplinary framework for empathy research
IntroductionEmpathy research spans the social, natural, and clinical sciences, yet its translational impact has been limited by conflicting conceptual frameworks and incompatible methodologies. This paper addresses these barriers by introducing a transdisciplinary framework that consolidates predominant theories of empathy and integrates contemporary neuroscience findings.MethodsA conceptual synthesis was conducted to reconcile major theoretical perspectives and relevant neuroscience findings frKathryn K. Irish
15
Editorial: Women in brain imaging and stimulation in the era of artificial intelligence
Wen Li
16
Dual-task gait assessment using n-back testing during self-paced treadmill walking in virtual reality: reliability and baseline characterisation for future clinical application
BackgroundDual-task gait paradigms are widely used to assess cognitive–motor integration, however considerable methodological heterogeneity remains. Fixed-speed locomotion and limited assessment of repeatability have contributed to inconsistent baseline findings in healthy adults, complicating interpretation of dual-task effects reported in clinical populations.ObjectiveThis study aimed to examine the reliability and baseline gait behaviour associated with a dual-task paradigm combining non-immeMohammad Al-Amri
17
Single-subject auditory ERP-BCI performance enhancement in ALS via an AI coding assistant prompt
IntroductionAuditory event-related potential (ERP) brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) offer communication support for individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) who eventually progress to completely locked-in states. However, individual-specific BCI pipeline optimization is technically demanding and time-consuming, leaving substantial room for performance improvement in practice. A central challenge is increasing selection speed while maintaining reliable classification accuracy, since sMikito Ogino
18
Optimization of stimulus color for peripheral SSVEP-based brain-computer interfaces
BackgroundMost existing steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP)-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) struggle to balance user experience with system performance. Although recent studies have shown that peripheral vision stimulation can evoke SSVEPs with high user comfort, the impact of stimulus color on peripheral SSVEP performance remains underexplored. Therefore, this study attempted to investigate the effect of stimulus color on peripheral SSVEPs.MethodsFour conventional stimulus colorHaochen Liu
19
Cognitive impairment based on computerized testing among patients with major depressive disorder after remission
ObjectivesTo investigate risk factors associated with cognitive impairment among patients achieving remission from major depressive disorder (MDD).MethodsThis study was a retrospective analysis of data that had been prospectively collected from 1,227 patients diagnosed with MDD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition). Remission was defined as achieving a total score of 7 or less on the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD-17) followingCui Zhang
20
Naturalizing perceptual experience: the explanatory power of probabilistic computation and the holographic solution
When it comes to consciousness, a central problem is a lack of clarity regarding the ontological status of the phenomenon to be explained. What kind of ‘thing in the world’ is consciousness? In other words, what will a naturalization of consciousness look like? Naturalization requires that every agreed property of consciousness is made continuous with the properties admitted by the natural sciences. In short, the hard problem will remain hard until we fully understand cortical computation, and tAsger Kirkeby-Hinrup