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Frontiers · Human Neuroscience

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01
Target-specific modulation of cortical narrowband gamma by basal ganglia nuclei: a case report
IntroductionNarrow-band gamma (NBG) is an oscillatory activity in the gamma band (60–90 Hz) that has been observed in the subthalamic nucleus (STN), the motor cortex, and, more recently, the globus pallidus internus (GPi) of Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients, often in the on-medication state. Therapeutic DBS has been shown to modulate NBG, often entraining cortical and subcortical NBG to half the stimulation frequency, often referred to as finely tuned gamma (FTG). However, the differential effeMallory L. S. Eisel
02
Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation for disorders of consciousness: a narrative review of neurophysiological mechanisms, clinical evidence, and future directions
Disorders of consciousness (DoC) following severe brain injury remain difficult to treat, and effective non-invasive therapeutic options are still limited. Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) has recently emerged as a promising neuromodulation approach in this field. In this narrative review, we synthesize recent evidence on taVNS for DoC across four domains: neurophysiological mechanisms, multimodal monitoring evidence, clinical efficacy, and stimulation parameter optimizatShutong Mei
03
Editorial: Neuroimaging in affective neuroscience
Graphical AbstractGraphical abstract–Neuroimaging in affective neuroscience.Infographic presenting four interconnected panels describing convergent affective neurocircuitry using brain diagrams, connectivity maps, and summary points for mTBI, IBS and depression, nurse burnout, and alexithymia in multiple sclerosis, with central emphasis on network dysfunction and distributed brain region involvement.Daniele Corbo
04
Translation direction and word familiarity in word translation: an fNIRS study of intermediate Japanese learners of English
IntroductionMany studies have examined the neural bases of word translation based on the revised hierarchical model (RHM). However, the findings reported thus far, mostly focusing on advanced or elementary second-language (L2) learners, have been diverse and often inconsistent. Thus, to explore possible neural bases for translation asymmetry, there is a distinct need to examine word translations by intermediate L2 learners.MethodsWe examined differences in cortical activation patterns during L1Wakana Kawai
05
Beyond behavior: a neurocognitive agenda for investigating the neural underpinnings of successful high-technology augmentative and alternative communication in adults
PurposeResearch has shown that augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) has the potential to function not only as a compensatory communicative strategy, but also as a tool to facilitate language recovery for people with aphasia. However, much work remains in order to understand the brain changes associated with AAC-driven recovery. The purpose of this article is to highlight the need for neurological research on high-technology AAC use, and to advance that research agenda by proposing thSzu-Han Kay Chen
06
A pilot study of spinal reflex modulation during immersive virtual reality exposure in humans
BackgroundThe integration of virtual reality (VR) technologies into clinical rehabilitation and diagnostics is rapidly expanding, yet the neurophysiological mechanisms of their influence on spinal motor circuits remain poorly understood. This pilot study assessed the modulation of spinal reflex excitability during exposure to specific immersive audiovisual stimuli delivered via a virtual reality headset, compared to classical neuromodulation paradigm.Materials and methodsTwenty-one healthy volunMaxim Baltin
07
Effects of neural aging on speech perception in bilinguals vs. monolinguals
This study examined the effects of aging and bilingualism on neural speech perception in Spanish-English (SE) bilinguals and American English (AE) monolinguals. As the population of bilingual older adults continues to grow, understanding how bilingual experience influences auditory processing across the lifespan has important theoretical and clinical implications. Electrophysiological measures, including mismatch negativity (MMN) and the sensory obligatory cortical responses (P1–N1–P2 complex),Miwako Hisagi
08
Research progress on the role of the locus coeruleus in cognitive function
The locus coeruleus (LC) is the primary source of noradrenergic (NE) neurons in the central nervous system, with extensive neural projections throughout the brain, serving as a key ascending modulatory center for regulating cognitive functions. In recent years, the advances in optogenetics, chemogenetics, and high-resolution neuroimaging techniques—including neuromelanin-sensitive MRI (NM-MRI) and diffusion MRI—have further elucidated the role of the LC in cognitive function regulation. ThroughXue Li
09
From scribbling to painting: children’s drawing as an evolutionary laboratory for multisensory and sensorimotor integration
Adult painting emerges from a sophisticated multisensory integration between vision, touch, proprioception, and motor control, taking shape as a form of active Bayesian inference about the external environment. The evolutionary origins (and survival value) of such embodied coordination, however, remain poorly explored. Traditional literature views children’s drawing as a passive output of perceptual-motor-cognitive development. This work proposes the opposite hypothesis: that drawing acts as anMonica Gori
10
Effect of culture relatedness on affective neural responses to words in L1 and L2: ERP studies
This study investigates affective responses to words in bilinguals’ native (L1) and second (L2) languages. Specifically, we examine how the extent to which concepts are related to one’s own native or second culture influences these emotional responses. While previous research has shown that emotional responses are often attenuated in the L2 compared to the L1, the role of culture in this phenomenon remains underexplored. Using event-related potentials (ERPs), we recorded neural responses from 34Yanxi Lu
11
Foundations for pediatric vocal biomarkers: age-aware phoneme recognition and latent-space error analysis
IntroductionPediatric speech sound disorders (SSDs) affect many young children and are commonly assessed through auditory-perceptual judgments and IPA transcription, which are limited by listener bias, variable interrater reliability, and difficulty attributing deviations at the phoneme level. We present a developmentally informed framework for pediatric vocal biomarker foundations that prioritizes age-aware, phoneme-resolved interpretability over utterance-level accuracy alone.MethodsUsing a CAChethana Saligram
12
Neuroplasticity in adult second language learning: a systematic scoping review of structural and functional neuroimaging evidence
BackgroundAdult second language (L2) learning offers a valuable model for studying experience-dependent brain plasticity beyond early development. Neuroimaging studies have reported structural and functional changes associated with L2 acquisition, but findings remain heterogeneous and influenced by differences in study design, learner age, training intensity, and imaging modality. In particular, the relationship between structural remodeling and functional reorganization, and their relevance toAli H. Alghamdi
13
Associations between serum inflammatory mediators and chronic pain after laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair in elderly patients
ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the associations between serum inflammatory mediators and chronic pain after laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair in elderly patients.MethodsFrom March 2022 to June 2023, 116 elderly patients (≥65 years old) diagnosed with inguinal hernia were enrolled in this study. All patients underwent total extraperitoneal repair (TEP) by laparoscopic surgery. Blood samples were obtained from each patient within the first postoperative day. Serum profiles of IL-1β, ILDongyang Ma
14
Transcranial direct current stimulation combined with cognitive training for working memory in healthy adults: a systematic review and robust variance meta-analysis of trained and untrained outcomes
IntroductionTranscranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been proposed as a potential tool for enhancing the benefits of cognitive training, but its added value for working memory in healthy adults remains unclear. This systematic review and robust variance estimation meta-analysis examined whether active tDCS combined with cognitive training improves post-training working memory performance compared with sham tDCS combined with the same training, and whether the effect varies by outcome tHong-Qi Wang
15
Correction: Auditory Processing Disorder in childhood: a critical appraisal of diagnostic validity, functional assessment, and interdisciplinary practice
Júlio César Claudino dos Santos
16
High-frequency taVNS modulates olfaction-related brain activity in patients with subjective cognitive decline
BackgroundSubjective cognitive decline (SCD) is considered a high-risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease and serves as a critical window of the prevention and treatment. Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) has shown therapeutic effects on cognitive impairment, but there is a lack of research on its application in SCD.PurposeThis study aimed to explore the immediate modulatory effects of taVNS at different frequencies on the brain function in patients with SCD.MethodologySeventyJiazhu Huang
17
Case Report: Anodal DLPFC-tDCS for refractory post-traumatic cognitive fatigue in the hypometabolic brain
BackgroundCognitive fatigue is among the most common and disabling long-term sequelae of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), with limited effective treatment options. We report a case of refractory post-mTBI cognitive fatigue treated with home-based anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) guided by FDG-PET/MRI findings.Case presentationA patient sustained an mTBI in 2013 following a high-speed motorcycle accident, with possible loss of consciousness and approximately four hours ofErin Glennon
18
Editorial: Bioengineering for spinal cord injury
Munehisa Shinozaki
19
Associations between incremental exercise capacity and multimodal brain characteristics across training levels
BackgroundPrevious work has shown that endurance training is associated with structural and functional plasticity in prefrontal, hippocampal, cerebellar and network level regions using both cross sectional and longitudinal designs. The present study extends this foundation by examining how key endurance indicators relate to multimodal neural characteristics across different training levels.MethodsThirty-two male participants were classified into high level endurance athletes, moderately trainedKeying Zhang
20
Machine learning and individual variability in electrical field characteristics predict tDCS treatment response for anxiety in older adults in the ACT trial
IntroductionAnxiety is highly prevalent in older adults and often co-occurs with neurodegenerative disorders, worsening cognitive decline and quality of life. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has shown therapeutic potential, but outcomes remain inconsistent due to individual neurophysiological variability.MethodWe trained machine learning (ML) models to predict state anxiety reduction following active tDCS paired with BrainHQ cognitive training (tDCS + CT) in older adults with modeJunfu Cheng