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Frontiers · Neuroscience

6小时前更新

01
How electroacupuncture parameters shape brain responses
Electroacupuncture (EA) is often treated as a uniform intervention, although its central effects vary with electrical parameters and stimulation site. This narrative review, supported by a structured search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science Core Collection, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and SinoMed through August 4, 2026, synthesizes human and animal evidence on how frequency, current intensity, waveform, stimulation duration, and acupoint selection shape regional, network-levCiqiu Tian
02
Identification of microglia-associated hub genes and a CX3CR1/P2RY12 two-gene diagnostic model for cross-subtype epilepsy-associated cortical malformations: integrated transcriptomic analysis with external validation
Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) are major causes of drug-resistant epilepsy, yet shared molecular mechanisms across these structurally distinct malformations remain poorly characterized. We performed an integrated transcriptomic analysis of RNA-seq data from GSE256068 [85 samples: 64 cortical (FCD2a, FCD2b, TSC, controls) and 21 hippocampal (TLE-HS, controls)]. Differential expression analysis with limma identified 865, 1,915, 2,772, and 3,749 DEGs in FCD2a, FHongliang Zeng
03
Apparent dissociation between hemodynamic and neurochemical responses during chemogenetic modulation of cortical circuits in rats
IntroductionChemogenetic tools such as Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADDs) provide a powerful means to causally manipulate defined neuronal populations in vivo. While chemogenetic fMRI studies have consistently demonstrated robust hemodynamic responses following circuit perturbation, considerably less is known about the accompanying metabolic consequences. Functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy (fMRS) offers the potential to probe these neurochemical processeFatemeh Anvari-Vind
04
Protein glycosylation and glycation in Alzheimer's disease: mechanisms, crosstalk, and therapeutic perspectives
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder worldwide, pathologically characterized by extracellular senile plaques composed of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) formed by hyperphosphorylated tau. Despite decades of research, the molecular mechanisms underlying AD pathogenesis remain incompletely understood, and effective disease-modifying therapies are still lacking. Protein glycosylation and glycation, two distinct post-transYuqi Luo
05
Integrated transcriptomic and proteomic profiling reveals C3-associated hippocampal neuroimmune remodeling in sodium bicarbonate-treated sepsis-associated encephalopathy
BackgroundSepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a neurological complication of sepsis characterized by cognitive impairment and persistent brain dysfunction. Although neuroinflammation and glial activation contribute to SAE pathogenesis, the molecular alterations underlying hippocampal neuroimmune dysfunction remain incompletely understood. The potential role of NaHCO₃ in SAE-associated neurological dysfunction remains unclear.MethodsAn LPS-induced mouse model of SAE was established to invesHousheng Deng
06
Regional tau burden tracks with lower microglial HLA class II transcription in the human brain
BackgroundHuman leukocyte antigen class II (HLA-II) genes mark several microglial states in Alzheimer’s disease, but it remains unclear how their average transcription relates to tau measured in the same brain region.MethodsWe used a locked 13-gene HLA-II panel selected by biological function, cross-cohort detection, and variance, without considering effect estimates. The primary analysis was conducted using the Seattle Alzheimer’s Disease Brain Cell Atlas (SEA-AD): 361 donor-region observationsFan Li
07
Orexin-A and Periosteal Pressure Sensitivity during acute mental and physical stress: a randomized cross-over study
BackgroundObjective physiological markers reflecting central autonomic regulation remain limited. The orexin (hypocretin) system, localized in the lateral hypothalamus, integrates arousal, metabolic state, cardiovascular control, homeostatic control, and stress responsiveness. Periosteal Pressure Sensitivity (PPS) at the sternum has been proposed as a peripheral marker for central sympathetic activation. The present study examined for the first time the association between PPS and salivary orexiNanna Ørsted
08
Cortical surface morphometry changes following combined translingual neural stimulation with the portable neuromodulation stimulator and physical therapy in patients with mild-to-moderate traumatic brain injury: a pilot study
BackgroundTraumatic brain injury (TBI) often causes persistent balance and gait deficits, especially in mild-to-moderate TBI (mmTBI). Physical therapy is standard but often limited as a standalone treatment. Translingual neural stimulation (TLNS) is an emerging neuromodulation approach combining cranial nerve stimulation with targeted exercise to promote neuroplasticity and recovery. Its effects on cortical surface morphometry in mmTBI remain uninvestigated.MethodsThis secondary analysis used daJiancheng Hou
09
Time-course profiling of behavioral phenotypes and Ywhah/ERK signaling expression within the vestibular region of the brainstem during motion sickness habituation
Motion sickness habituation represents a core neuroplastic model for investigating vestibular disorder adaptation, yet its brain-region-specific temporal molecular mechanisms remain poorly defined. Here, we adopted multi-brain-region proteomic screening combined with time-series molecular validation to characterize key molecular dynamics during motion sickness habituation. Adult mice received 15 consecutive days of sinusoidal rotational stimulation, and model establishment was verified via fourXue Yue
10
Nicotine and tobacco smoke reshape neuronal signaling networks from a single-nucleus transcriptomic perspective
Nicotine and cigarette smoke exposure significantly impact brain function, yet their distinct cellular and molecular mechanisms remain unclear. To address this, we conducted comprehensive single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) analysis on whole-brain samples and specifically on the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of adult C57BL/6 mice following nicotine or smoke exposure. Our study identified 18 major transcriptionally distinct cell populations across the whole brain and 27 distinct clusters witJian Jiang
11
Case Report: Leukoencephalopathy with calcifications and cysts caused by novel biallelic SNORD118 variants in a childhood-onset patient with long-term follow-up
BackgroundLabrune syndrome, also termed leukoencephalopathy with calcifications and cysts (LCC), is a rare autosomal recessive cerebral microangiopathy associated with pathogenic variants of the SNORD118 gene. Long-term clinical follow-up of childhood-onset LCC progressing into adulthood is limited in the literature.Case presentationWe present a 24-year-old woman whose neurological symptoms began at age 6 years with recurrent headaches and visual disturbances. Learning difficulties emerged at agDi Tian
12
Dynamic perioperative thrombo-inflammatory biomarkers correlate with early functional outcomes after mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke
BackgroundInflammatory and coagulation responses continue to evolve after mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischaemic stroke. A single admission measurement may therefore miss clinically relevant perioperative biology. We examined whether longitudinal thrombo-inflammatory biomarker profiles were associated with early functional and neurological outcomes after thrombectomy.MethodsThis single-centre retrospective cohort study grouped routine laboratory measurements into baseline (−3 to 0 days), poPeihui Liu
13
Subject-independent classification of ADHD from pediatric EEG: a leakage-aware deep learning framework with interpretable neurophysiological mapping
BackgroundThe use of electroencephalography (EEG) in automated screening of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has created a large body of literature that suggests promising outcomes, with reported classification accuracies often above 90%. A major methodological issue suggests that a substantial part of these results are actually due to data leakage, whereby EEG epochs pertaining to the same subject end up in both training and testing sets, allowing classifiers to capitalize on feaM. Geethapriya
14
Transspinal temporal interference stimulation enhances neuroplasticity-associated responses and facilitates motor recovery after spinal cord injury in mice
IntroductionSpinal cord injury (SCI) causes substantial motor impairment, driven by neuronal loss, axonal disruption, and impaired synaptic connectivity. Temporal interference (TI) stimulation is capable of modulating neural activity, but its therapeutic potential in SCI remains largely unexplored. We explored the influence of TI stimulation on functional recovery and neuroplasticity-associated responses following SCI.MethodsThirty-two C57BL/6J mice were randomly allocated to four groups: sham,Peng Zheng
15
MSANet: a multi-scale spatiotemporal adaptive network for EEG-based driver fatigue recognition
Electroencephalography (EEG)-based driver fatigue recognition remains challenging because fatigue-related patterns are distributed across multiple temporal scales, inter-channel relationships vary across samples, and inter-individual differences complicate cross-subject transfer. To address these issues, a multi-scale spatiotemporal adaptive network (MSANet) is proposed for EEG-based driver fatigue recognition. The framework introduces a multi-granularity patch temporal gate (MGPTG) to model locPeipei Gu
16
Context-dependent oxytocin receptor signaling: from molecular architecture to transcript-level receptor engineering
The oxytocin receptor (OXTR) is a G protein-coupled receptor that integrates neuroendocrine release, cellular signaling, and behavioral effects across species. Despite extensive research, the mechanistic basis underlying variability in oxytocin's effects remains incompletely understood. This review synthesizes recent advances in OXTR biology and focuses on three biological sources of signaling heterogeneity: variation in receptor sequence and structure, epigenetic and cell-state-dependent regulaBenjamin Jurek
17
Hemodynamics, plasma catecholamines, and power spectral analysis of heart rate variability during tilt-evoked neurally mediated hypotension
BackgroundSyncope workup often includes tilt table testing. One positive result is neurally mediated hypotension (NMH). Mechanisms of NMH are debated.ObjectivesWe characterized NMH development in terms of systemic and forearm hemodynamics, plasma catecholamines, and power spectral analysis of heart rate variability.MethodsWe reviewed data from 25 subjects with NMH and 34 controls without NMH who had autonomic testing between 2003 and 2024. Dependent measures included continuously recorded bloodGuillaume Lamotte
18
Mixed emotions evoked when incongruent outward appearance and motion are combined
Understanding mixed emotions is crucial for capturing the ambivalence of human information processing. However, how specific visual factors, such as outward appearance and motion, interact to evoke these conflicting feelings remains unclear. Here, we present three-dimensional (3D) characters as visual stimuli that evoke mixed feelings, providing empirical insights into emotional phenomena such as “kimo-kawaii” by focusing on their outward appearances and motions. Congruent stimuli (e.g., pleasanRyousuke Kato
19
A practical framework for large-scale neuroimaging data collection in clinically diverse populations: experience from the Stanford Brain Stimulation Lab
Novel neuroimaging technologies and data science techniques have allowed for large-scale applications of neuroimaging acquisition in clinical research, particularly within the fields of interventional psychiatry, neuropsychiatry, and precision medicine. These developments have enhanced our understanding of psychiatric and neurological disorders and highlight the need for optimized protocols that support scalable, high-quality neuroimaging data acquisition. This paper aims to describe a protocolAzeezat Azeez
20
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor and kynurenine pathway: connecting inflammatory bowel disease and depression via the microbiota gut brain axis
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a disorder characterized by chronic inflammation in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. This disease has a complex etiology with major contributing factors including genetics, host-microbiome interactions, dysregulation of the immune response, and various environmental triggers. The negative impacts of IBD are not limited to the GI tract however, as IBD patients also develop extraintestinal manifestations involving multiple organs and organ systems. In support ofRaymond Bogdon

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Frontiers · Human Neuroscience

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01
A model of individual cognitive degradation based on the formalism of quantum potential wells
To develop a model of individual cognitive degradation based on the mathematical apparatus of quantum mechanics from the perspective of the Information Images Theory. The foundations of the Information Images Theory are described. The human mind is represented as a one-dimensional potential well with finite walls of different heights and an internal potential barrier modeling the boundary between consciousness and subconsciousness. The model parameters are determined in accordance with the propoAlexander Yurievich Petukhov
02
Creating online cognitive assessment platform for children’s literacy and math skills: a case study illustrated with the ACE kids platform
Computerized versions of paper-and-pencil tests made behavioral assessments of children more automatic and precise. The COVID-19 pandemic further demonstrated the need for assessments to be offered online to allow for remote data collection. However, the design and implementation of computerized tests in an online environment come with various challenges. This article probes the issues, needs and challenges for the development of online assessment of reading and maths, and related cognitive abilV. S. H. Ngan
03
A neuro-inspired computational framework for AGI: predictive coding, active inference and free energy minimisation
This paper offers a conceptual synthesis of foundational principles from theoretical neuroscience [i.e., predictive coding, the Free Energy Principle (FEP) and variational inference] as a biologically grounded framework for artificial general intelligence (AGI). We adopt this predictive-coding and FEP perspective as our organising framework. It is one of several current accounts of neural computation and not all available evidence is consistent with it. These approaches characterise the brain asLioba C. S. Berndt
04
Reward positivity and affective functioning in early childhood: evidence from temporospatial principal components analysis
Reward-related Positivity (RewP) indexes neural sensitivity to reward feedback and has been widely studied in adolescents and adults. However, little is known about how individual differences in RewP are associated with emotional functioning during early childhood, a critical period for affective development. Interpretation of feedback-related ERPs in children is further complicated by temporally overlapping components. This study examined whether a principal component analysis (PCA)-derived RewYu Sun Chung
05
Graded multisensory neurofeedback via the iNems system for comprehensive upper limb recovery after stroke: a multiple baseline study
IntroductionPost-stroke upper-limb recovery remains challenging, especially in the presence of sensory impairments. Conventional brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) are constrained by binary feedback, single-modality stimulation, and exclusion of patients with sensory deficits. We developed the Imagery Neurofeedback-based Multi-sensory System (iNems), a neurofeedback system that provides graded multisensory (visual and electrical) feedback based on ERD magnitude. This study validated iNems’ efficacTakayuki Kodama
06
A brain functional network framework based on EEG connectivity for major depressive disorder recognition
IntroductionWhen the brain is regarded as a complex dynamic system, its abnormalities often show the overall network reorganization. Traditional analysis for major depressive disorder (MDD) based on single-channel features of electroencephalogram (EEG) mainly focuses on signal changes, while ignoring inter-regional functional connectivity and network topology. As a consequence, it is challenging to reveal the systemic abnormal mechanisms.MethodsTo address this problem, this study built a framewoMin Fang
07
Focus prosody in Qassimi Arabic: acoustic analysis and computational modeling
This study investigates focus intonation in Qassimi Arabic (QA) with two aims: to examine focus-related prosodic changes in the focused word and surrounding regions, and to identify the functional factors shaping intonation and their relative contributions. The analysis considers maximum, minimum, and mean F0, excursion size, duration, and intensity. The data comprise 1,800 utterances produced by ten native speakers in neutral-focus, information-focus, and contrastive-focus contexts. The acoustiMuhammad Swaileh A. Alzaidi
08
Deep brain stimulation and spinal cord stimulation for chronic disorders of consciousness: a decade of clinical evidence, mechanistic insights, and critical appraisal
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) and spinal cord stimulation (SCS) have been investigated for over four decades as neuromodulatory treatments for chronic disorders of consciousness (DOC), including the vegetative state/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (VS/UWS) and the minimally conscious state (MCS), for which no disease-modifying pharmacological therapy exists. This narrative review synthesizes literature published between 2016 and 2026 on the neurobiological rationale, clinical evidence, neurophyDongsheng Liu
09
Acute neuromuscular and kinematic responses to a single Feldenkrais awareness through movement session
IntroductionThe Feldenkrais Method aims to improve functional movement through exploratory coordination rather than performance-driven execution. While clinical studies have reported benefits in mobility and balance, the underlying neuromechanical mechanisms remain insufficiently characterized.MethodsThis study examined acute changes in voluntary range of motion (ROM), muscle activation, movement smoothness, and ventilatory—movement efficiency following a single Awareness Through Movement sessioEisa Alokla
10
Processing canonical and non-canonical word orders in Turkish: behavioral and ERP evidence from adults and children
IntroductionTurkish permits grammatical non-canonical word order while morphological case marking disambiguates thematic roles.MethodsWe examined comprehension accuracy and verb-locked event-related potentials (ERPs) to Turkish canonical subject-object-verb (SOV) and non-canonical object-subject-verb (OSV) sentences in adults (n = 67; 18–44 years) and children (n = 37; 4.3–9.7 years).ResultsAccuracy was lower for OSV than SOV in both groups, with a significantly larger SOV-OSV accuracy differencMedine Dudu
11
Neural oscillatory activity during guided and self-generated motor imagery: a comparative case study of a six-time World Cup skateboarder champion and an experienced recreational surfer
This study aimed to examine and compare neural oscillatory activity during guided and self-generated motor imagery in two individuals with contrasting levels of competitive expertise: a six-time World Cup skateboarder champion and an experienced recreational surfer. Following baseline recording, continuous electroencephalographic (EEG) activity (Brain Products GmbH, Gilching, Germany) was acquired during three motor imagery conditions: verbally guided training imagery, verbally guided competitioLuciane Aparecida Moscaleski
12
Validating electrical stimulation through the somatosensory system: a perspective on mismatch negativity and auditory prostheses
Natural touch engages specialized mechanoreceptors, while electrotactile stimulation bypasses them, directly depolarizing a mixed and non-uniform population of afferent axons. Whether this difference in peripheral encoding affects the brain predictive processing remains an open empirical question. The mismatch negativity (MMN), an established electroencephalography (EEG) marker of automatic change detection, provides a powerful tool to address this question without perceptual confounds. SomatoseSergei Tugin
13
Behavioural expression of ictal embarrassment: a stereo-EEG case report
Embarrassment is a rare ictal manifestation whose neurophysiological basis remains poorly understood. We describe the case of a 40-year-old woman with drug-resistant focal epilepsy characterized by an unusual ictal semiology combining an intense positive emotional experience with behavioral manifestations of embarrassment. Stereo-EEG demonstrated seizure onset within the middle frontal gyrus bank of the superior frontal sulcus (F2sb), with rapid propagation to the dorsal anterior cingulate corteA. Scarabello
14
Morphology beyond the morpheme: distributed processing effects in the acoustic realization of German word-final clusters
This study investigates how morphological structure shapes phonetic realization in German word-final /Cst/ clusters, with a focus on form-meaning mapping strategies in elicited speech. Phonologically identical clusters are compared across simplex words and inflected verb forms, where /st/ encodes a grammatical morpheme. We analyse duration, intensity, and spectral center of gravity (COG) for clusters, individual segments, and adjacent vowels, modeling their variation with linear mixed-effects moChiara Celata
15
Editorial: Deep brain stimulation think tank: updates in neurotechnology and neuromodulation, volume VI
Chance R. Fleeting
16
Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation during semantic verbal fluency tasks: a high-density diffuse optical tomography study
IntroductionTranscutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) is a promising adjunct for post-stroke language recovery. There are no established biomarkers for the neuromodulatory effects of taVNS. High-density diffuse optical tomography (HD-DOT) offers a non-invasive marker of task-related cortical activation. We explore HD-DOT in determining the effects of taVNS during a semantic verbal fluency task (VFT).MethodsTwenty-four healthy adult participants performed a semantic VFT in a blockCaitlin H. Illingworth
17
Structural and dynamic functional controllability: shared variance between network control metrics limits attribution to distinct domains of intelligence
IntroductionFluid and crystallized intelligence have recently been hypothesized to reflect the brain network’s capacity to facilitate transitions into hard-to-reach, high-energy states, measured via modal controllability, and easy-to-reach, low-energy states, measured via average controllability, respectively. Controllability is typically measured for the structural connectome, but dynamic functional connectivity may better capture temporally varying processes relevant to cognition.MethodsUsingJustin Ng
18
An explainable machine learning model based on multidimensional task-state electroencephalography for identifying attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder comorbid developmental dyslexia
BackgroundAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and developmental dyslexia (DD) are highly comorbid, yet objective differentiation from individual disorders remains challenging due to the lack of neurophysiological biomarkers. This study aimed to develop an interpretable machine learning model leveraging multidimensional task-state EEG features to distinguish ADHD–DD comorbidity from ADHD and typical development (TD).MethodsNinety children (27 ADHD-DD, 40 ADHD, 23 TD) underwent EEG durKeduo Huang
19
Clinical characteristics and early hematoma dynamics in a selected cohort of 199 patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage who underwent 24-hour follow-up imaging: a retrospective single-center study
BackgroundSpontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) is a devastating subtype of stroke with high morbidity and mortality. Early hematoma expansion (HE) is a key modifiable factor associated with neurological deterioration. Data on early HE dynamics in China populations with relatively late presentation (median time to admission >6 h) remain limited.MethodsThis retrospective single-center study included 199 adult patients with sICH who had baseline and 24-h follow-up non-contrast computed tomogPengchao Hong
20
Evolution of deep learning for structural magnetic resonance imaging analysis in Alzheimer’s disease: from slice-level classification to brain structure modeling
Structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) depicts Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-related atrophy noninvasively and has become a common input for deep-learning studies of diagnosis and progression. For this structured narrative Mini Review, we searched PubMed/MEDLINE, the Web of Science Core Collection, and IEEE Xplore through 31 August 2026. We then purposively selected recent studies that were informative about model design or evaluation. The review covers two-dimensional convolutional neural netwYunchen Chen

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