Frontiers · Neuroscience

BackgroundContinuous multimodal cerebral monitoring may improve detection and management of secondary injury after pediatric moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury (msTBI). We developed and validated a prognostic model for 6-month functional outcome integrating regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rScO₂), bispectral index (BIS), clinical and biomarker data.MethodsProspective cohort of 93 children with msTBI monitored with rScO₂ and BIS (monitoring group) and a retrospective control cohort of

BackgroundBrain-computer interface (BCI) training may improve post-stroke upper-limb recovery through closed-loop feedback, but the comparative efficacy of different feedback modalities remains uncertain. This study compared BCI training with different feedback modalities for post-stroke upper-limb motor impairment.MethodsPubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Scopus were searched from inception through April 2026 for randomized controlled trials of BCI-based upper-limb rehabilita

IntroductionBrain volume estimates are increasingly used as longitudinal endpoints in neuroimaging studies and clinical trials, but outputs from different segmentation pipelines may not be interchangeable. In this study, we performed a version-specific comparison of six established brain segmentation pipelines across healthy controls (HC; n = 20), people with multiple sclerosis (MS; n = 19), and people with Alzheimer's disease (AD; n = 50).MethodsFreeSurfer v6, FreeSurfer v7.2, SAMSEG, FastSurfe

Schizophrenia is understood as a disorder of dopamine signaling and is treated with dopamine receptor antagonists. These drugs reduce hallucinations and delusions but leave cognitive impairment, negative symptoms and functional decline largely untouched. This article advances a complementary view, as a hypothesis rather than an established account. It treats redox compromise, meaning chronic oxidative stress, glutathione depletion, mitochondrial inefficiency and the inflammatory state that accom

IntroductionCentral regulation of energy homeostasis is essential for balancing lipid storage and reproductive investment; however, the hypothalamic factors governing this trade-off remain incompletely defined in birds. Neurosecretory protein GM (NPGM), an 83–amino acid hypothalamic factor, was investigated for its role in energy allocation during sexual maturation in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica).MethodsMale and female quails at the onset of sexual maturation received chronic intracerebrov

IntroductionAltered attention network activity has been consistently reported in recent neuroimaging literature of smartphone addiction and problematic smartphone use. However, many functional imaging studies have relied on traditional static functional connectivity analyses, which cannot capture time-varying or recurrent dynamics of attention networks.MethodsGiven the importance of temporal and spatial dynamics for attentional processing, we applied two complementary dynamic functional connecti

BackgroundChronic hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular complications and can induce pathological myocardial hypertrophy. The hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is a key autonomic regulatory center involved in hypertension through sympathetic overactivation, neuroinflammation, and central renin–angiotensin system dysregulation. Although acupuncture exerts protective effects against hypertension-related target organ damage, its central mechanisms remain unclear. This stud

Variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr) is the most recently identified sporadic human prion disease, displaying distinctive clinical and neuropathological features and a unique western blot profile. Clinically, it frequently presents with longer disease duration than classic sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), neuropathologically with characteristic prion protein (PrP) deposition patterns, and biochemically with variable resistance of PrPSc to proteinase K (PK) digestion. Here, w

Infant functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is increasingly used in research to identify early emerging biomarkers of neurodevelopmental conditions. Although these methods hold promise for advancing discovery, pediatric MRI research protocols, which often require infants to be scanned during natural sleep, can present a range of challenges for infants and their caregivers. Yet little is known about caregivers’ experiences participating in non-clinically indicated MRI studie

BackgroundPediatric EEG analysis for epilepsy detection is challenged by the non-stationary and developmentally heterogeneous nature of epileptiform activity. Conventional Fourier approaches provide limited time–frequency localization, whereas single-domain methods such as the wavelet transform and empirical mode decomposition (EMD) each exhibit complementary weaknesses.MethodsWe developed a representation-level wavelet–EMD fusion framework that integrates wavelet and EMD spectra before feature

IntroductionMicroRNAs are candidate regulators and biomarkers of molecular processes relevant to behavior, but their relationships with neuroendocrine signaling in humans remain poorly characterized. Earlier studies in overlapping cohorts identified hypermethylation-associated downregulation of peripheral blood-derived hsa-miR-4456 in men with hypersexual disorder and implicated oxytocin-related pathways through in-silico target prediction; a subsequent study found higher plasma oxytocin in the

Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) is expanding from conventional cortical modulation toward approaches capable of engaging deeper brain targets, but the literature structures of major modalities have rarely been compared within a common framework. We conducted a comparative bibliometric mapping review of temporal interference stimulation (TI), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and transcranial focused ultrasound and related low-intensity

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) bypass peripheral nerves and muscles to establish direct information pathways between the brain and external devices, providing novel approaches for motor function reconstruction, communication assistance, and neurorehabilitation in patients with neurological disorders. However, conventional non-invasive BCIs relying on modalities such as electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) exhibit limitation

IntroductionEvent-related potentials (ERPs) provide millisecond-resolution measurements of cognitive and affective processes, making them a foundational tool in human neuroscience research. A clear understanding of their reliability, stability, and sensitivity is therefore essential for interpreting experimental results with confidence, particularly in multi-task protocols where several ERPs are measured in sequence. The present study examined three sources of variability for two widely used com

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are a promising computational paradigm for resource- and energy-constrained edge applications. However, their implementation on field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) remains a complex task that typically requires both neuromorphic-computing knowledge and hardware-description expertise. This work presents ReSNNance, an open-source framework for the automatic generation of synthesizable VHDL implementations from high-level software descriptions of SNNs. ReSNNance pr