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00:51
Ebola disease caused by Bundibugyo virus, Democratic Republic of the Congo & Uganda
The Bundibugyo virus disease (BVD) outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo remains active, with sustained transmission driving increases in reported cases and deaths. As of 15 July 2026, a cumulative total of 2124 confirmed cases, including 828 deaths, have been reported from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. On 13 July 2026, German authorities informed WHO of a laboratory-confirmed case of Ebola disease caused by Bundibugyo virus in a humanitarian worker from the United States of America who was medically evacuated from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. This is the second United States citizen to be treated in Germany, reflecting the ongoing international response efforts. In Uganda no new cases have been reported since 21 June 2026. The most recent case was discharged from the treatment centre on 16 July after two negative tests results. The country has therefore begun the 42-day period of enhanced surveillance required before the end of the outbreak can be declared. National authorities in Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, in collaboration with WHO and partners, continue to implement extensive response measures. A regional preparedness and priorit…
07-03 23:31
Ebola disease caused by Bundibugyo virus, Democratic Republic of the Congo & Uganda
The Bundibugyo virus disease (BVD) outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo continues to evolve rapidly, with sustained transmission and increasing numbers of reported cases. As of 1 July, a cumulative of 1460 confirmed cases, including 452 deaths, have been reported from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. As of 2 July, Uganda has reported 20 confirmed cases including two deaths, as well as one probable case who has died. In addition, on 24 June 2026, French authorities notified WHO of a laboratory-confirmed case of Ebola disease caused by Bundibugyo virus in a medical doctor returning from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In Uganda, the outbreak remains epidemiologically linked to transmission originating in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, with evidence of both imported infections and secondary transmission among contacts and healthcare workers. Uganda has not reported any new cases since 21 June 2026. National authorities in the two affected countries, in collaboration with WHO and partners, are implementing an extensive set of response measures. A regional preparedness and prioritization framework continues to guide readiness activities across the African R…
07-03 02:27
Hantavirus outbreak linked to cruise ship travel, Multi-locations
This is the fifth Disease Outbreak News posting on the Andes hantavirus (ANDV) outbreak linked to the cruise ship M/V Hondius. The outbreak identification followed the notification to the World Health Organization (WHO) on 2 May 2026 of severe acute respiratory illness cases onboard. Since the previous Disease Outbreak News was published on 28 May 2026, one of the probable cases from Tristan da Cunha, an Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (hereafter referred to as the United Kingdom), was laboratory confirmed. As of 2 July, a total of 13 cases, including three deaths, have been notified (case fatality ratio 23%). Twelve cases have been laboratory-confirmed for ANDV infection, and one is a probable case. All confirmed cases are among individuals who travelled onboard the M/V Hondius. Among the ten cases admitted to hospitals, eight have recovered and have been discharged, while two are still undergoing medical treatment. All identified contacts have completed the 42 day follow-up period by local health authorities in line with WHO guidance. The completion of the contact follow up without detection of additional secondary cases demonstrates…
06-25 23:43
Nipah virus disease - India
On 11 June 2026, the Kerala State Health Department confirmed one laboratory confirmed case of Nipah virus (NiV) infection in Kozhikode district, Kerala State, India. The case is an adult male who developed symptoms on 30 May 2026 and was hospitalized on 10 June 2026. He presented with neurological manifestations and at the time of reporting is on ventilatory support in an intensive care unit (ICU). As of 18 June 2026, a total of 104 contacts had been identified and were under monitoring, including health and care workers, with no reported secondary cases to date. NiV is a zoonotic disease transmitted to humans through infected animals, or through consumption of fruits or fruit products, such as raw date palm juice contaminated with the saliva, urine, or excreta of infected bats, as well as close contact with infected individuals. The current event involves a single confirmed case, with no secondary transmission identified to date. Public health measures are in place, including isolation, contact tracing, and enhanced surveillance. However, as the source of infection has not yet been identified and given the known presence of animal reservoirs, additional cases cannot be excluded.
06-24 23:23
Yellow fever - Global
Yellow fever is a viral disease found in areas of Africa and the Americas, spread by infected mosquitoes. Following an increase of cases in the Americas in 2025, transmission activity remained into 2026. From 1 January to 26 May 2026, six countries reported a total of 79 human infections along with multiple epizootics, indicating active sylvatic circulation. In Africa, sustained activity continued across parts of the region, affecting 13 high-risk countries (as per classification in the Eliminate Yellow fever Epidemics (EYE) Strategy). From January to May 2026, three countries in Africa reported 16 confirmed human cases, with an additional 32 suspected cases under investigation in five other countries. The recent rapid risk assessment assessed geographical variations in vaccination coverage, evidence of viral circulation, and the presence of competent vectors, concluding that unvaccinated populations in countries or areas with a history of yellow fever transmission remain at greatest risk. Transmission dynamics are further influenced by seasonal ecological factors, particularly rainfall, temperature, and mosquito abundance. Outbreaks reported from October 2025 through May 2026 in c…
06-19 20:51
Ebola disease caused by Bundibugyo virus, Democratic Republic of the Congo & Uganda
The Bundibugyo virus disease (BVD) outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo continues to evolve rapidly, with sustained transmission and increasing numbers of reported cases. As of 17 June, a cumulative of 896 confirmed cases, including 232 deaths, have been reported from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. As of 18 June, Uganda has reported 19 confirmed cases including two deaths, as well as one probable case who has died. In Uganda, the outbreak remains epidemiologically linked to transmission originating in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, with evidence of both imported infections and secondary transmission among contacts and healthcare workers. Uganda has not reported any new cases since 5 June 2026. National authorities in the two affected countries, in collaboration with WHO and partners, are implementing an extensive set of response measures. A regional preparedness and prioritization framework continues to guide readiness activities across the African Region.
06-13 16:15
Ebola disease caused by Bundibugyo virus, Democratic Republic of the Congo & Uganda
The Bundibugyo virus disease (BVD) outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo continues to evolve rapidly, with increasing case numbers and geographic spread. As of 10 June, a cumulative of 676 confirmed cases, including 136 deaths, have been reported from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. As of 11 June, Uganda has reported 19 confirmed cases including two deaths, as well as one probable case who has died. In Uganda, the outbreak remains epidemiologically linked to transmission originating in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, with evidence of both imported infections and secondary transmission among contacts and healthcare workers. Uganda has not reported any new cases in the past six days. National authorities in the two affected countries, in collaboration with WHO and partners, are implementing a comprehensive package of response measures. A regional preparedness and prioritization framework continues to guide readiness activities across the African Region.
06-08 21:12
Ebola disease caused by Bundibugyo virus, Democratic Republic of the Congo & Uganda
The Bundibugyo virus disease (BVD) outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo continues to evolve rapidly, with increasing case numbers, geographic spread, and cross-border transmission to Uganda. As of 6 June, a total of 515 confirmed cases, with 91 deaths among these confirmed cases, have been reported from the Democratic Republic of the Congo; Uganda has reported 19 confirmed cases including two deaths, as well as one probable case who has died. In Uganda, the outbreak remains epidemiologically linked to transmission originating in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, with evidence of both imported infections and secondary transmission among contacts and healthcare workers. National authorities, in collaboration with WHO and partners, are undertaking a wide-ranging package of response measures. On 5 June, the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) and WHO, together with partners, launched a joint Ebola continental preparedness and response plan, with an ask of US$ 518 million to support African countries to prepare for, rapidly detect and respond to the outbreak.
05-29 23:43
Ebola disease caused by Bundibugyo virus, Democratic Republic of the Congo & Uganda
The Bundibugyo virus disease (BVD) outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda continues to evolve rapidly, with increasing case numbers, geographic spread, and ongoing cross-border transmission. As of 27 May, a total of 906 suspected cases and 223 deaths among suspected cases have been reported in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. As of 29 May, a total of 134 confirmed cases, including nine in Uganda, with 18 deaths among the confirmed cases, have been reported across both countries. This is an additional 49 confirmed cases, eight confirmed deaths, 160 suspected cases and 47 suspected deaths since the last update on 21 May. In addition, there is one confirmed case, an individual from the United States of America, who had treated patients in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and is currently receiving care in Germany. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, transmission is concentrated in Ituri, as well as North Kivu and South Kivu provinces, with challenges in contact tracing and follow-up, insecurity, inadequate isolation, care, and referral systems for patients complicating response efforts. National authorities, in collaboration with WHO and partners, ar…
05-28 22:43
Hantavirus outbreak linked to cruise ship travel, Multi-locations
This is the fourth Disease Outbreak News report on the Andes hantavirus outbreak linked to cruise ship travel, following the notification to the World Health Organization (WHO) on 2 May 2026 of severe respiratory illness cases aboard M/V Hondius, a cruise ship. Since the last DON was published on 13 May, three additional confirmed cases were reported, from Canada, the Netherlands, and Spain. The previously reported inconclusive case from the United States of America was subsequently determined to be negative following further laboratory testing and has been removed from the total case count. All cases to date have been passengers or crew members on the ship. As of 27 May, a total of 13 cases, including three deaths, have been reported (case fatality ratio 23%). Eleven cases have been laboratory-confirmed for Andes virus (ANDV) infection, and two are probable cases. Given the long incubation period of up to six weeks, it is not unexpected that cases continue to be reported until the end of the six weeks since last exposure. Through the International Health Regulations (2005) (IHR) channels, National IHR Focal Points (NFPs) have all been informed and are supporting international cont…
05-23 05:06
Ebola disease caused by Bundibugyo virus – Democratic Republic of the Congo
On 15 May 2026, the Ministry of Public Health, Hygiene and Social Welfare, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), and the Ministry of Health of Uganda declared an outbreak of Ebola Disease following the confirmation of Bundibugyo virus disease (BVD) in both countries. On 17 May 2026, the World Health Organization (WHO) Director-General determined that the Ebola disease caused by Bundibugyo virus in DRC and Uganda constitutes a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC), as defined in the provisions of IHR. On 19 May 2026, the Director-General of WHO convened the first meeting of the IHR Emergency Committee, and temporary recommendations were issued to State Parties. As of 21 May, 746 suspected cases and 176 deaths among suspected cases were reported in DRC. So far 85 confirmed cases, including two in Uganda, and ten deaths, with one in Uganda, among confirmed cases were reported across both countries. In DRC, transmission is concentrated in Ituri, North Kivu and South Kivu provinces, with challenges in contact follow-up, insecure conditions, and inadequate isolation and referral systems complicating response efforts. Uganda has reported two imported cases with no con…
05-17 17:35
Ebola disease caused by Bundibugyo virus, Democratic Republic of the Congo & Uganda
On 5 May 2026, the World Health Organization (WHO) was alerted of a high-mortality outbreak of unknown illness in Mongbwalu Health Zone, Ituri Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), including deaths among health workers. On 14 May 2026, the Institut national de recherche biomédicale (INRB) Kinshasa analyzed 13 blood samples from Rwampara Health Zone, Ituri Province. Laboratory analysis confirmed Bundibugyo virus disease (BVD) in eight of these samples on 15 May, a species of Ebola. The case fatality rates in the past two BVD outbreaks have ranged from 30% to 50%. Unlike Ebola virus disease, there is no licensed vaccine or specific therapeutics against Bundibugyo virus, though early supportive care is lifesaving. On 15 May 2026, the Ministry of Public Health, Hygiene and Social Welfare, DRC, officially declared the 17th Ebola Disease outbreak in DRC. Concurrently, the Uganda Ministry of Health confirmed an outbreak of BVD following the identification of one imported case from DRC, a Congolese man who died in the capital city of Kampala. On 17 May 2026, WHO Director-General, after having consulted the States Parties where the event is known to be currently occurring, deter…
05-14 03:30
Hantavirus cluster linked to cruise ship travel, Multi-country
This is the third Disease Outbreak News report on the hantavirus cluster, following the notification to the World Health Organization (WHO) on 2 May 2026 of severe respiratory illness cases aboard MV Hondius, a cruise ship. Since the last DON was published on 8 May, two additional confirmed cases were reported from France and Spain. In addition, there is one inconclusive result for a case in the United States of America. All were passengers on the ship. As of 13 May, a total of 11 cases, including three deaths, have been reported (case fatality ratio 27%). Eight cases were laboratory-confirmed for Andes virus (ANDV) infection, two are probable, and one case remains inconclusive and undergoing further testing. Through the International Health Regulations (2005) (IHR) channels, National IHR Focal Points (NFPs) have all been informed and are supporting international contact tracing efforts. WHO has assessed the risk posed by this event to the global population as low and will continue to monitor the epidemiological situation and update the risk assessment as needed.
05-09 05:31
Hantavirus cluster linked to cruise ship travel, Multi-country
On 2 May 2026, a cluster of passengers with severe respiratory illness aboard a cruise ship was reported to the World Health Organization (WHO). At that time, according to the ship operator, 147 passengers and crew were onboard, and 34 passengers and crew had previously disembarked. Since the last Disease Outbreak News published on 4 May, three of the suspected cases were confirmed, and one additional confirmed case was reported. As of 8 May, a total of eight cases, including three deaths (case fatality ratio 38%), have been reported. Six cases have been laboratory-confirmed as hantavirus infections, with all identified as Andes virus (ANDV). Through the International Health Regulations (2005) (IHR) channel, National IHR Focal Points (NFPs) have all been informed and are supporting international contact tracing. WHO assesses the risk to the global population posed by this event as low and will continue to monitor the epidemiological situation and update the risk assessment. The risk for passengers and crew on the ship is considered moderate.
05-05 05:48
Hantavirus cluster linked to cruise ship travel, Multi-country
On 2 May 2026, a cluster of passengers with severe respiratory illness aboard a cruise ship was reported to the World Health Organization. The ship is carrying 147 passengers and crew. As of 4 May 2026, seven cases (two laboratory confirmed cases of hantavirus and five suspected cases) have been identified, including three deaths, one critically ill patient and three individuals reporting mild symptoms. Illness onset occurred between 6 and 28 April 2026 and was characterized by fever, gastrointestinal symptoms, rapid progression to pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome and shock. Further investigations are ongoing. The outbreak is being managed through coordinated international response, and includes in-depth investigations, case isolation and care, medical evacuation and laboratory investigations. Human hantavirus infection is primarily acquired through contact with the urine, faeces, or saliva of infected rodents. It is a rare but severe disease that can be deadly. Although uncommon, limited human to human transmission has been reported in previous outbreaks of Andes virus (a specific species of hantavirus). WHO currently assesses the risk to the global population from t…
04-23 21:14
Measles - Bangladesh
On 4 April 2026, the National International Health Regulations (IHR) Focal Point for Bangladesh notified WHO of a nationwide increase in measles cases, geographically affecting 58 out of 64 districts across all eight divisions in Bangladesh. A total of 19 161 suspected measles cases and 2897 laboratory-confirmed measles cases have been reported between 15 March and 14 April 2026, including 166 measles related deaths (CFR 0.9%). The majority (79%) of the reported cases are children aged under 5 years. A targeted measles-rubella (MR) vaccination campaign started on 5 April, and various outbreak response measures are ongoing including strengthening nationwide surveillance and epidemiological analysis to enhance case detection and reporting. Based on currently available information, WHO assesses the risk at the national level as high due to ongoing transmission across multiple divisions, the large number of susceptible children, documented immunity gaps, and the occurrence of suspected measles-related deaths.
04-10 22:03
Avian Influenza A(H9N2) - Italy
On 21 March 2026, the National International Health Regulations (IHR) Focal Point for Italy notified the World Health Organization (WHO) of the identification of a human case of avian influenza A(H9) in an adult male returning from Senegal. Next generation sequencing confirmed Influenza A(H9N2). According to epidemiological investigations, the patient had no known history of exposure to poultry or any person with similar symptoms prior to the onset of symptoms. Authorities in Italy have implemented a series of measures aimed at monitoring, preventing and controlling the situation. According to the IHR (2005), a human infection caused by a novel influenza A virus subtype is an event that has the potential for high public health impact and must be notified to the WHO. This is the first imported human case of avian Influenza A(H9N2) reported in the European Region. Based on currently available information, WHO assesses the current risk to the general population posed by A(H9N2) viruses as low but continues to monitor these viruses and the situation globally.
03-14 00:05
International food safety event: Infant formula and products containing arachidonic acid oil contaminated with cereulide toxin - Multi-country
Multi-country recalls of infant formula and other products have been initiated after cereulide toxin, was detected in batches of multiple internationally distributed brands. Investigations have identified arachidonic acid (ARA) oil, used as an ingredient in the implicated products, as the source of contamination. However, the full root cause analysis and complete traceability of all affected batches remains under investigation. Contaminated formulae, nutritional products, and oil mixes have been distributed to 99 countries and territories across six WHO Regions, with the first product recalls initiated on 10 December 2025. Between 1 January and 25 February 2026, 144 suspected and confirmed cases were reported across ten countries in three WHO Regions, with investigations ongoing. Based on the available information, WHO assesses the overall public health risk as moderate due to the vulnerability of the affected population (infants), the ongoing uncertainty regarding the full extent of distribution and exposure, and remaining gaps in case detection and root cause information.
02-14 22:07
Mpox: recombinant virus with genomic elements of clades Ib and IIb – Global situation
Recombination of monkeypox virus (MPXV) strains has been documented in recent months, with two cases of a recombinant strain comprising clade Ib and IIb MPXV reported. Recombination is a known natural process that can occur when two related viruses infecting the same individual exchange genetic material, producing a new virus. The first case was detected in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (hereafter “United Kingdom”), with travel history to a country in South-East Asia, and the second in India, with travel history to a country in the Arabian Peninsula. Detailed analysis of the virus genomes shows that the two individuals fell ill several weeks apart with the same recombinant strain, suggesting that there may be further cases than are currently reported. Both cases had similar clinical presentation to that observed for other clades. Neither patient experienced severe outcomes. Contact tracing for both cases in the reporting countries has been completed; no secondary cases were detected. Based on available information, the overall WHO public health risk assessment for mpox remains unchanged: the risk is assessed as moderate for men who have sex with men with…
02-07 05:43
Nipah virus infection - Bangladesh
On 3 February 2026, the International Health Regulations National Focal Point (IHR NFP) for Bangladesh notified WHO of one confirmed case of Nipah virus (NiV) infection in Rajshahi Division. The patient developed fever and neurological symptoms on 21 January. Nipah virus infection was laboratory-confirmed on 29 January. The patient reported no travel history but had a history of consuming raw date palm sap. All 35 contact-persons are being monitored and have tested negative for NiV and no further cases have been detected to date. Bangladesh regularly has small NiV outbreaks, with cases reported at different times of the year, though outbreaks tend to occur between December and April corresponding with the harvesting and consumption of date palm sap. The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare in Bangladesh has implemented several public health measures. WHO assesses the overall public health risk posed by NiV to be low at the national, the regional and global level. The risk of international disease spread is considered low.
01-31 00:32
Nipah virus disease - India
On 26 January 2026, the National IHR Focal Point for India notified WHO of two laboratory‑confirmed cases of Nipah virus (NiV) infection in West Bengal State. Both are healthcare workers at the same private hospital in Barasat (North 24 Parganas district). NiV infection was confirmed at the National Institute of Virology in Pune on 13 January. One case remains on mechanical ventilation as of 21 January, the other case experienced severe neurological illness but has since improved. Authorities have identified and tested over 190 contacts, who all tested negative for NiV with support from a mobile BSL‑3 laboratory deployed by the National Institute of Virology, Pune. No further cases have been detected to date. This event represents the third NiV infection outbreak reported in West Bengal (previous outbreaks reported in Siliguri in 2001 and Nadia in 2007). Enhanced surveillance and infection prevention and control (IPC) measures are in place while investigations into the source of exposure are ongoing. NiV infection is a serious but rare zoonotic disease transmitted to humans through infected animals (such as bats), or food contaminated with saliva, urine, and excreta of infected ani…
01-27 01:02
Marburg virus disease- Ethiopia
On 26 January 2026, the Ministry of Health of Ethiopia declared the end of the Marburg virus disease (MVD) outbreak. This declaration came after two consecutive incubation periods (a total of 42 days) since the last person confirmed with MVD died and was given a safe and dignified burial, in accordance with WHO recommendations on 14 December 2025. As of 25 January 2026, a cumulative total of 19 cases, including 14 confirmed (including nine deaths) and five probable cases (all deaths), were reported. A total of 857 contacts listed for monitoring all had completed their 21-day follow-up as of 25 January 2026. WHO, through its country office and partners, provided technical, operational and financial support to the government to contain this outbreak.
2025-12-24 17:19
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus - Global update
Since the beginning of 2025 and as of 21 December 2025, a total of 19 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS- CoV), including four deaths have been reported to WHO globally. Of the 19 cases, 17 were reported by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), and two were reported from France. Between 4 June and 21 December 2025, the Ministry of Health (MoH) of KSA reported a total of seven cases of MERS-CoV infection, including two deaths. In addition, at the beginning of December 2025, the National IHR Focal Point (IHR NFP) for France also reported two MERS-CoV travel – associated cases; involving individuals with recent travel to countries in the Arabian Peninsula. The notification of these latest cases does not change the overall risk assessment, which remains moderate at both the global and regional levels. These cases show that the virus continues to pose a threat in countries where it is circulating in dromedary camels, with regular spillover into the human population. WHO recommends implementation of targeted infection, prevention and control (IPC) measures to prevent the spread of health care-associated infections of MERS-CoV and onward human transmission.
2025-12-11 03:54
Seasonal influenza - Global situation
Seasonal influenza (‘the flu’) is an acute respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses that circulate globally and year-round. It can cause illness ranging from mild to severe, sometimes resulting in hospitalization or death. Seasonal influenza activity has increased globally in recent months, with an increased proportion of seasonal influenza A(H3N2) viruses being detected. This rise coincides with the onset of winter in the northern hemisphere and an increase in acute respiratory infections caused by influenza and other respiratory viruses typically observed at this time of year. Although global activity remains within expected seasonal ranges, early increases and higher activity than typical at this time of year have been observed in some regions. Seasonal influenza viruses, including A(H3N2) viruses, continually evolve over time. Since August 2025, there has been a rapid increase of A(H3N2) J.2.4.1 alias K subclade viruses detected from several countries based on available genetic sequence data. These subclade K viruses have several changes from related A(H3N2) viruses. Current epidemiological data do not indicate an increase in disease severity, although this subclade ma…
2025-12-06 01:52
Broader transmission of mpox due to clade Ib MPXV – Global situation
The purpose of this report is to raise awareness about the local transmission of clade Ib monkeypox virus (MPXV) among men who have sex with men (MSM) in countries previously unaffected or to date reporting only cases linked to travel. This report summarizes recent epidemiological developments, response activities, and the associated global public health risk. The second declaration of a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) for mpox was lifted on 5 September 2025. As both MPXV clades I and II and their subclades continue to circulate globally, leading to substantial outbreaks in African countries, WHO continues to advise emergency preparedness and response activities. Multiple modes of transmission underlie ongoing virus circulation, with sexual contact remaining the primary amplifier of transmission in most settings. Since 5 September 2025, several countries across four of six WHO regions have confirmed clade Ib MPXV infection in individuals with no recent travel reported (WHO African Region, Region of the Americas, the European Region and the Western Pacific Region), most of which are being detected among men who have sex with men, suggesting local transmissio…
2025-12-06 01:06
Avian Influenza A(H5N5)- United States of America
On 15 November 2025, WHO was notified of the 71st confirmed human case with influenza A(H5) since early 2024 in the United States of America— the first human case reported in the United States of America since February 2025. On 20 November, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) laboratory sequencing verified the virus as influenza A(H5N5), representing the first globally reported human case caused by an influenza A(H5N5) virus. The investigation by health authorities in the United States of America is ongoing. Contact tracing identified no further cases amongst contacts, and there is currently no evidence of human-to-human transmission. Due to the constantly evolving nature of influenza viruses, WHO continues to stress the importance of global surveillance to detect and monitor virological (including genomics), epidemiological and clinical changes associated with emerging or circulating influenza viruses that may affect human health and timely virus sharing for risk assessment. Based on available information, the WHO currently assesses the overall public health risk posed by A(H5) viruses as low. However, for individuals with occupational risk of exposure, the risk…
2025-12-01 21:57
Ebola virus disease – Democratic Republic of the Congo
On 1 December 2025, the Ministry of Health (MoH) of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) declared the end of the Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak which had been declared on 4 September 2025. The end was declared after two consecutive incubation periods (a total of 42 days) since the last person confirmed with EVD tested negative for the virus and was discharged on 19 October 2025. A total of 64 cases (53 confirmed, 11 probable), including 45 deaths (CFR 70.3%), were reported from six health areas in Bulape Health Zone, Kasai Province. WHO and partners provided technical, operational and financial support to the government to contain the outbreak. This is the country’s 16th outbreak of Ebola. Although the outbreak has been declared over, health authorities are maintaining surveillance to rapidly identify and respond to any re-emergence. Risk communication and community engagement activities will continue to provide accurate information, monitor and address community feedback and rumours, and support efforts to reduce stigma toward individuals affected by the outbreak.
2025-11-22 02:29
Diphtheria - African Region (AFRO)
From 1 January to 2 November 2025, a total of 20 412 suspected diphtheria cases, including 1 252 deaths (an average case fatality ratio [CFR] - 6 %) have been reported across eight Member States in the WHO African Region (Algeria, Chad, Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, and South Africa). Several of these countries have been experiencing ongoing outbreaks since 2023. Children and young adults represent the majority of the cases, with females accounting for a slightly greater proportion. Case confirmation and management remain constrained. Laboratory confirmation remains low due to shortages of diagnostic supplies and limited testing capacity. At the same time, the global shortage of diphtheria antitoxin (DAT), and uneven clinical capacity to provide this essential treatment, pose significant challenges for effective case management. Diphtheria is a vaccine-preventable bacterial disease which can lead to severe systemic complications, including myocarditis, kidney failure, and neurological damage. Many of the affected countries are fragile, conflict-affected or have system vulnerabilities where health systems are overstretched, routine services are disrupted and access to es…
2025-11-22 00:33
Marburg virus disease- Ethiopia
On 12 November 2025, WHO noted a press release from the Ethiopian Ministry of Health (MoH), and the Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI), announcing suspected viral hemorrhagic viral fever (VHF) in Jinka town, South Ethiopia Regional State, Ethiopia. On 14 November 2025, the Ministry of Health of Ethiopia confirmed that the cases previously reported as suspected VHF were Marburg virus disease (MVD). Molecular testing conducted by the National Reference Laboratory at EPHI identified Marburg virus (MARV) in patient samples. As of 20 November 2025, 33 laboratory tests have been conducted, of which six confirmed cases, including three deaths, have been reported. Of the six confirmed cases, three are currently alive and on treatment. In addition to the lab-confirmed cases, a further three epidemiologically linked cases could not be tested; all three are deceased and recorded as probable cases. A total of 206 contacts have been identified, and contacts are under active follow-up. The number of contacts will continue to change as the response evolves. The source of the infection has not yet been identified. This marks the first confirmed outbreak of MVD in the country. Initial investi…
2025-11-05 23:38
Rift Valley fever- Mauritania and Senegal
Between 20 September and 30 October 2025, a total of 404 confirmed human cases of Rift Valley fever (RVF), including 42 deaths, were reported by national health authorities in two West African countries: Mauritania and Senegal. RVF is a zoonotic disease, which mainly affects animals, but can also infect humans. The majority of human infections result from contact with the blood or organs of infected animals, but human infections have also resulted from the bites of infected mosquitoes. To date, no human-to-human transmission of RVF has been documented. While RVF often leads to severe illness in animals, its impact in humans varies, ranging from mild flu-like symptoms to severe hemorrhagic fever that can be fatal. RVF is endemic in both countries, where recurrent outbreaks have been previously reported in both livestock and humans. The risk of further spread remains high, especially with environmental conditions favorable to the proliferation of mosquitoes, periods of heavy rains and increased mosquito activity, as well as movements of livestock within country and towards Mali and Gambia for grazing and trade. The response to RVF outbreaks requires a One Health approach, based on en…
2025-10-03 21:08
Chikungunya virus disease- Global situation
In 2025, a resurgence of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) disease was noted in a number of countries, including some that had not reported substantial case numbers in recent years. Between 1 January and 30 September 2025, a total of 445 271 suspected and confirmed CHIKV disease cases and 155 deaths were reported globally from 40 countries, including autochthonous and travel imported cases. Some WHO Regions are experiencing significant increases in case numbers compared to 2024, although others are currently reporting lower case numbers. This uneven distribution of cases across regions makes it challenging to characterize the situation as a global rise, however, given the ongoing outbreaks reported globally in 2025, the potential for further spread remains significant. CHIKV disease can be introduced into new areas by infected travelers and local transmission may be established if there is the presence of Aedes mosquito and a susceptible population. The risk is heightened by limited population immunity in previously unaffected areas, favorable environmental conditions for vector breeding, gaps in surveillance and diagnostic capacity, and increased human mobility and trade. Strengthening di…
2025-09-18 17:38
Nipah virus infection - Bangladesh
Between 1 January and 29 August 2025, the International Health Regulations National Focal Point (IHR NFP) for Bangladesh notified WHO of four confirmed fatal Nipah virus (NiV) infection cases, temporally unrelated, reported from four different districts across three separated geographical divisions (Barisal, Dhaka, and Rajshahi) in Bangladesh. NiV infection is a zoonotic disease transmitted to humans through infected animals (such as bats or pigs), or food contaminated with saliva, urine, and excreta of infected animals. It can also be transmitted directly from person to person through close contact with an infected person. Fruit bats or flying foxes (Pteropus species) are the natural hosts for the virus. Human NiV infection is an epidemic-prone disease that can cause severe disease in humans and animals, with a high mortality rate, and outbreaks primarily occurring in South and South-East Asia. Since the first recognized outbreak in Bangladesh in 2001, human infections have been detected almost every year. To date, Bangladesh has documented 347 NiV cases through its Nipah surveillance system established to detect and respond to outbreaks promptly, with a case fatality rate of 71.7…
2025-09-05 23:56
Ebola virus disease – Democratic Republic of the Congo
On 1 September 2025, WHO received an alert from the Ministry of Health of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) regarding suspected cases of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in the Bulape Health Zone, Kasai Province, DRC. The first known index case was a pregnant woman who presented at Bulape General Reference Hospital on 20 August 2025 with symptoms of high fever, bloody diarrhoea, haemorrhage and extreme weakness. She died on 25 August from multiple organ failure. On 4 September 2025, following confirmatory laboratory testing, the Ministry of Health declared an outbreak of EVD. Ebola virus disease is a serious, often fatal illness in humans. The virus is transmitted to humans through close contact with the blood or secretions of infected wildlife and then spreads through human-to-human transmission. As of 4 September 2025, 28 suspected cases, including 15 deaths (case fatality ratio (CFR): 54%), have been reported from three areas of the Bulape health zone (Bulape, Bulape Com and Dikolo) and Mweka health zone. Among the deaths, four are health-care workers. About 80% of the suspected cases are aged 15 years and older. Six samples were collected from five suspected cases and one pro…
2025-08-29 17:00
Cholera – Multi-country with a focus on countries experiencing current surges
The global cholera situation continues to deteriorate, driven by conflict and poverty, posing a significant public health challenge across multiple WHO regions. Between 1 January and 17 August 2025, a total of 409 222 cholera/Acute Watery Diarrhoea (AWD) cases and 4738 deaths were reported globally, from 31 countries, with six of the 31 countries reporting case fatality rates above 1%, indicating serious gaps in case management and delayed access to care. Cholera is resurging in a number of countries, including some that had not reported substantial case numbers in years, like Chad and the Republic of Congo, while other countries, such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Sudan, and Sudan, are experiencing outbreaks that are continuing from 2024, with significant geographic expansion. This complicates containment efforts and strains fragile health systems. Conflict, mass displacement, disasters from natural hazards, and climate change have intensified outbreaks, particularly in rural and flood-affected areas, where poor infrastructure and limited healthcare access delay treatment. These cross-border factors have made cholera outbreaks increasingly complex and harder to co…
2025-08-21 00:36
Circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 1- Israel
On 4 August 2025, Israel notified WHO of a circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 1 (cVDPV1) outbreak. Between February and July 2025, nine genetically linked virus isolates were found in environmental samples from seven sites, mainly in Jerusalem and the Central Region. No human cases of paralytic polio have been reported. Israel discontinued routine use of the bivalent oral polio vaccine in March 2025 but continues using inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) as part of the country’s routine immunization schedule. WHO and partners of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative are supporting national and subnational authorities. WHO assesses the risk of international spread of this cVDPV1 outbreak in Israel as low, due to strong overall immunity, surveillance, and response systems. However, the virus is circulating in under-vaccinated, vaccine-sceptic communities with ties to similar groups abroad, posing a potential risk for further spread.
2025-08-06 19:33
Nipah Virus Infection - India
Between 17 May and 12 July 2025, the Information and Public Relations Department, Government of Kerala informed through a series of official press releases about four confirmed cases, including two deaths, due to Nipah virus (NiV) infection in two districts of Kerala State. NiV infection is a bat-borne disease transmitted to humans through infected animals (such as bats or pigs), contaminated food or, less commonly, through close contact with infected individuals. Since 1998 NiV outbreaks have been reported in Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Singapore. In India, NiV infections have occurred multiple times since 2001 with outbreaks in West Bengal State in 2001 and 2007, and in Kerala State regularly since 2018. Since 2018, Kerala has reported a total of nine NiV outbreaks. While the state has a strong healthcare system and improved infection control measures since 2023, it is advisable to maintain strong preparedness and surveillance efforts while ensuring continued care for patients. At the same time, States that may be at risk should be encouraged to continue strengthen their detection systems and response capacities. With no licensed vaccine or treatment availab…
2025-07-24 23:43
Rabies - Timor-Leste
On 17 May 2025, the Timor-Leste government reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) a fatal human case of rabies from Ermera Municipality. Between May and mid-June 2025, Timor-Leste confirmed four human rabies deaths in the municipalities of Bobonaro (n=2), Ermera (n=1) and Oecusse (n=1). All cases involved individuals exposed to dogs' bites months prior to symptom onset, with rabies virus confirmed via Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) testing. Since March 2024, a total of 106 animal rabies cases—mostly in dogs—have been reported, and over 1400 dog bites or scratches have occurred, with a total of six fatalities. Access to and completion of post-exposure prophylaxis remains limited. The spread of rabies into non-border areas like Ermera signals a growing public health concern. The public health response is ongoing and includes vaccination of dogs, risk communication, training of healthcare workers on Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) and case management, active surveillance, and ensuring the availability of rabies vaccines and human rabies immunoglobulin. Based on the current available information, the WHO assesses the risk posed by this event as high a…
2025-07-05 13:49
Avian Influenza A(H5N1) - Cambodia
Between 1 January and 1 July 2025, the World Health Organization (WHO) was notified by Cambodia’s International Health Regulations (IHR) National Focal Point (NFP) of 11 laboratory-confirmed cases of human infection with avian influenza A(H5N1) virus. Seven of the 11 cases were reported in June, an unusual monthly increase. Avian influenza A(H5N1) was first detected in Cambodia, in December 2003, initially affecting wild birds. Since then, 83 cases of human infection with influenza A(H5N1), including 49 deaths (case fatality ratio [CFR] of 59%), have been reported in the country. While the virus continued to circulate in avian species, no human cases were reported between 2014 and 2022, after which, the virus re-emerged in humans in February 2023. Since the re-emergence of human A(H5N1) infections in Cambodia in 2023, a total of 27 cases have been reported (six in 2023, 10 in 2024, and 11 to date in 2025), of which 12 were fatal (CFR 44%). Seventeen of the cases occurred in children under 18 years old. Avian influenza A(H5N1) is circulating in wild birds, poultry and some mammals around the world, and occasional human infections following exposure to infected animals or contaminate…
2025-05-30 00:34
Anthrax – Thailand
In early May 2025, the International Health Regulations National Focal Point (IHR NFP) for Thailand notified WHO of four cases of cutaneous anthrax. One of the affected individuals died as a result of disease complications, while the remaining three cases were hospitalized and received appropriate medical care. All reported cases had direct contact with cattle suspected to be infected with anthrax. A rapid field investigation and response was conducted by the national health authorities. All potentially exposed individuals were identified, and all high-risk contacts received post-exposure prophylaxis. On 28 May, an additional case was announced who was associated with the slaughtering of cattle. Disease control measures, including animal quarantine, and vaccination campaign targeting cattle withing five km radius, public awareness campaigns, and enhanced surveillance, were implemented in the affected area. Anthrax is a life-threatening zoonotic disease caused by the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Humans can get anthrax from infected animals or contaminated animal products. It generally does not spread between people. Currently, due to the robust public health measures…
2025-05-28 18:36
COVID-19 - Global Situation
Since mid-February 2025, according to data available from sentinel sites, global SARS-CoV-2 activity has been increasing, with the test positivity rate reaching 11%, levels that have not been observed since July 2024. This rise is primarily observed in countries in the Eastern Mediterranean, South-East Asia, and Western Pacific regions. Since early 2025, global SARS-CoV-2 variant trends have slightly shifted. Circulation of LP.8.1 has been declining, and reporting of NB.1.8.1, a Variant Under Monitoring (VUM), is increasing, reaching 10.7% of global sequences reported as of mid-May. Recent increases in SARS-CoV-2 activity are broadly consistent with levels observed during the same period last year, however, there still lacks a clear seasonality in SARS-CoV-2 circulation, and surveillance is limited. Continued monitoring is essential. WHO advises all Member States to continue applying a risk-based, integrated approach to managing COVID-19 as outlined in the Director-General’s Standing Recommendations [1]. As part of comprehensive COVID-19 control programmes, vaccination remains a key intervention for preventing severe disease and death from COVID-19, particularly among at risk group…
2025-05-20 21:42
Circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (cVDPV2) - Papua New Guinea
On 9 May 2025, the International Health Regulations (IHR) National Focal Point (NFP) for Papua New Guinea (PNG) notified WHO of the detection of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (cVDPV2) from stool specimens of two healthy children from Morobe province, Papua New Guinea (PNG). The detection of wild poliovirus (WPV) or vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV), including from samples taken from healthy children, is considered a serious public health event. Given the country's suboptimal routine immunization coverage, especially at the subnational level, the risk of potential spread locally is considered high. WHO advises all countries—especially those with frequent travel and connections to polio-affected areas—should strengthen acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) and environmental surveillance while maintaining high level of immunization coverage to quickly detect and respond to virus importation and prevent further spread by closing immunity gaps.
2025-05-16 21:03
Yellow fever - Region of the Americas
From 29 December 2024 and as of 26 April 2025 (with data for Ecuador updated as of 2 May 2025), a total of 212 confirmed human cases of yellow fever, including 85 deaths, have been reported to WHO by five countries in the Region of the Americas (case fatality rate (CFR) 40%). The cases have been reported in the Plurinational State of Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. The 212 confirmed yellow fever cases reported so far in 2025 represent a threefold increase compared to the 61 confirmed cases reported in 2024. WHO is supporting affected countries in implementing coordinated actions to respond to the yellow fever cases and outbreaks. This includes enhancing preventive measures, strengthening surveillance and case management, improving risk communication and community engagement, and implementing immunization activities. The current yellow fever situation in the Americas is driven by increased sylvatic transmission cycles. The occurrence of yellow fever cases outside of the Amazon basin, combined with high fatality, varying vaccination coverage across affected countries, and limited vaccine supply, contributes to the overall classification of yellow fever risk in the Region…
2025-05-13 21:55
Measles - Morocco
Since late 2023, Morocco has been experiencing a widespread measles outbreak. Cases have been recorded across all regions of the country, particularly among children and people who are unvaccinated. In response, the Ministry of Health and Social Protection (MOHSP), in collaboration with relevant sectors, activated the National Center for Public Health Emergency Operations, launched urgent catch-up vaccination campaigns, and strengthened surveillance, case management, and risk communication and community engagement efforts. Measles is a highly transmissible viral disease that can lead to severe complications and death. While Morocco has made significant progress toward measles elimination, the disease remains endemic in the country. The overall risk is assessed as moderate at the national level and moderate at the regional level, particularly given the risk of cross-border transmission in areas with low vaccination coverage.
2025-05-13 01:56
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus - Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Between 1 March and 21 April 2025, the Ministry of Health (MoH) of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) reported nine cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. Two of these cases died. Among the nine cases, a cluster of seven cases were identified in Riyadh, including six health and care workers who acquired the infection from caring for a single infected patient. The cluster was identified through contact tracing and subsequent testing of all contacts, with four of the six health and care workers being asymptomatic and two showing only mild, nonspecific signs. The notification of these cases does not change the overall risk assessment, which remains moderate at both the global and regional levels. These cases show that the virus continues to pose a threat in countries where it is circulating in dromedary camels and spilling over into the human population. WHO recommends implementation of targeted infection prevention and control (IPC) measures to prevent the spread of health-care-associated infections of MERS-CoV and onward human transmission
2025-05-13 00:26
Chikungunya - La Réunion and Mayotte
Since August 2024, widespread transmission of chikungunya virus disease has been documented in La Réunion as well as increasing locally transmitted cases in Mayotte. Although chikungunya outbreaks and endemic transmission occur annually in several countries and territories around the world, the Indian Ocean islands have not experienced major outbreaks for nearly two decades. In La Réunion, over 47 500 cases and twelve associated deaths have been reported as of 4 May 2025, with sustained high transmission across the island. In Mayotte, the first locally transmitted cases since 2005–2006 have been detected, raising concern about similar large outbreaks. Public health response measures, including enhanced surveillance, vector control activities, and novel targeted vaccination efforts, have been implemented to contain the outbreaks, however further outbreak activity in the islands of the Indian Ocean can be expected.
2025-04-29 00:29
Measles – Region of the Americas
As of 18 April 2025, a total of 2318 measles cases, including three deaths, have been confirmed in six countries in the WHO Region of the Americas, an 11-fold increase compared to the same period in 2024. The majority of cases have occurred among people between 1 to 29 years, who are either unvaccinated or have an unknown vaccination status. Additionally, most cases are imported or linked to importation. Measles is a highly contagious, airborne viral disease that can lead to severe complications and death. Although it is preventable with two doses of the vaccine, over 22 million children worldwide did not receive their first dose of the vaccine in 2023. This has contributed to a global rise in measles cases in 2024, which heightens the risk of imported infections, particularly from unvaccinated travellers arriving from areas where the virus is actively circulating. WHO is working closely with countries in the WHO Region of the Americas to prevent the spread and reintroduction of measles. The regional risk is currently assessed as high, while the global risk remains moderate.
2025-04-26 18:38
Sudan virus disease – Uganda
On 26 April 2025, the Ministry of Health (MoH) of Uganda declared the end of the Sudan virus disease (SVD) outbreak after two consecutive incubation periods (a total of 42 days) since the last person confirmed with SVD tested negative for the virus on 14 March 2025. A total of 14 SVD cases (including 12 confirmed cases and two probable cases) including four deaths (two confirmed and two probable) have been reported during this outbreak. WHO and partners provided technical, operational and financial support to the government to contain the outbreak. Although the outbreak has been declared over, health authorities are maintaining surveillance to rapidly identify and respond to any re-emergence. Risk communication and community engagement will also continue to ensure the community stay informed and stigma to those who were affected is minimized.
2025-04-17 23:49
Avian Influenza A(H5N1) - Mexico
On 2 April 2025, the International Health Regulations (IHR) National Focal Point (NFP) for Mexico notified the World Health Organization (WHO) of the country’s first laboratory-confirmed human infection with an avian influenza A(H5N1) virus in the state of Durango. In response, local and national health authorities have implemented a range of measures to monitor, prevent, and control the situation. There have been reports of A(H5N1) outbreaks in birds in Durango, although the exact source of infection in this case remains under investigation. To date, no further cases of human infection with influenza A(H5N1) linked to this case have been identified. In accordance with the IHR (2005), any human infection caused by a new influenza A virus subtype is considered a potentially significant public health event and is subject to mandatory notification to WHO. Based on the information currently available on this and previous cases, WHO assesses the risk to the general population posed by A(H5N1) viruses as low. For individuals with occupational exposure to these viruses, the risk of infection is considered low to moderate. The situation may change as more information is gathered and so WHO…
2025-04-11 20:11
Invasive meningococcal disease - Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
On 13 March 2025, the International Health Regulations (IHR) National Focal Point (NFP) for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) reported 11 cases of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) to WHO. Additionally, between 11 February and 18 March 2025, the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Regional IHR contact point received reports of six isolated cases of IMD, either through notification or bilateral communication with IHR NFPs. These cases involve individuals who had recently returned from Umrah. Meningococcal disease remains a global public health concern, particularly in the context of mass gathering events such as Hajj and Umrah. The government of Saudi Arabia regularly issues health requirements for Hajj and Umrah, including vaccination policies. As of 10 March 2025, KSA health authorities estimated that only 54% of international Umrah pilgrims had complied with the meningococcal vaccination requirements. The significant number of pilgrims traveling to KSA from countries with varying levels of meningococcal disease incidence presents a risk of international spread during these gatherings. Given the recent notification of these cases linked to Umrah, WHO strongly advises all individuals plan…
2025-03-29 03:19
Cholera - Angola
Since January 2025, Angola has been experiencing a substantial cholera outbreak. As of 23 March 2025, a total of 8543 cases and 329 deaths (Case Fatality Rate (CFR) 3.9%) have been reported, with one-third of the deaths occurring in the community. The outbreak has rapidly spread to 16 out of Angola’s 21 provinces, affecting individuals of all age groups, with the highest burden among those under 20 years old. The Ministry of Health, with support from WHO and partners, is managing the cholera outbreak response through case detection, deployment of rapid response teams, community engagement and a vaccination campaign. Given the rapidly evolving outbreak, ongoing rainy season, and cross-border movement with neighbouring countries, WHO assesses the risk of further transmission in Angola and surrounding areas as very high.

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