Sensing to Intelligence: Principles for Neuromorphic Circuits and SystemsNeuromorphic engineering began with the idea that the physical behavior of a system could itself be used for computation, taking inspiration from the way nervous systems sense, adapt, and evolve in time. The field has since expanded far beyond its early analog circuits to include event-based sensors, spiking processors, emerging memory devices, mixed-signal systems, and large-scale neural accelerators. With this expansion, however, the meaning of neuromorphic has become increasingly broad. In thSaptarshi Maiti